Horizontal Well Production Systems for Geothermal Power Plants

1. Norbeck, Jack, et al. 2023. “A Review of Drilling, Completion, and Stimulation of a Horizontal Geothermal Well.” Stanford Geothermal Workshop. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2023/Norbeck.pdf.

2. Leveille, Greg. 2025. “Horizontal Hydrothermal Wells: An Idea Whose Time Has Come.” Stanford Geothermal Workshop. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/GeoConf/papers/SGW/2025/Leveille1.pdf.

3. Zhai, Haizhen, et al. 2025. “Enhancement of Geothermal Exploitation in Hot Dry Rock Reservoir Through Multilateral Horizontal Well Systems: A Case Study in Qiabuqia Geothermal Field.” Processes 13 (4): 1020. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/4/1020.

4. Hickson, Catherine J., et al. 2020. “Geothermal Drilling and Well Completions in Comparison to Oil and Gas Practices.” GeoConvention Abstracts. https://geoconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/abstracts/2020/58298-geothermal-drilling-and-well-completions-in-compar.pdf.

5. U.S. Department of Energy. 2020. “Production Drilling and Well Completion.” Technical Working Paper No. 2. https://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/pdfs/twp2_production_drilling-public_comment_final_draft.pdf.

Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Opportunities

1. Burns, Erick R., Jacob DeAngelo, and Colin F. Williams. 2025. “Enhanced Geothermal Systems Electric-Resource Assessment for the Great Basin, Southwestern United States.” U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2025-3027. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20253027.

2. Burns, Erick R., et al. 2025. “Data Estimating Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Electric-Resources for the Great Basin, USA.” U.S. Geological Survey Data Release. https://www.usgs.gov/data/data-estimating-enhanced-geothermal-systems-egs-electric-resources-great-basin-usa.

3. Kushnir, Alexandra R. L., and Markus Loewer. 2020. “From Exploration to Operation: Research Developments in Deep Geothermal Energy.” Geothermal Energy 8 (15). https://geothermal-energy-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40517-020-00169-6.

4. Pollack, Ahinoam, Roland Horne, and Tapan Mukerji. 2021. “Challenges in Developing Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Observations from 64 EGS Sites.” World Geothermal Congress. https://www.worldgeothermal.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2020/31027.pdf.

5. Muir, John R. 2020. “New Opportunities and Applications for Closed-Loop Geothermal Energy Systems.” Geothermal Rising Bulletin 49 (4). https://geothermal.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/New%20Opportunities%20and%20Applications%20for%20Closed-Loop%20Geothermal%20Energy%20Systems.pdf.

6. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2023. “Enhanced Geothermal Shot Analysis for the Geothermal Technologies Office.” NREL Technical Report. https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/84822.pdf.

7. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2024. “Next-Generation Geothermal Geothermal Research.” NREL Geothermal Program Overview. https://www.nrel.gov/geothermal/next-generation.

8. U.S. Department of Energy. 2023. “Geothermal Interagency Collaboration Task Force: Summary of Findings.” Geothermal Technologies Office. https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-publications.

9. U.S. Department of Energy. 2023. “Topics and Considerations for Developing State Geothermal Regulations.” Geothermal Technologies Office. https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-publications.

10. Zhai, Haizhen, et al. 2025. “Enhancement of Geothermal Exploitation in Hot Dry Rock Reservoir Through Multilateral Horizontal Well Systems: A Case Study in Qiabuqia Geothermal Field.” Processes 13 (4): 1020. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/13/4/1020.

ORC Design, Construction, and Operations (2020–2025)

1. Song, Jian, Ping Loo, Jaime Teo, and Christos N. Markides. 2020. “Thermo-Economic Optimization of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Systems for Geothermal Power Generation: A Comparative Study of System Configurations.” Frontiers in Energy Research 8. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00006/full.

2. Hidayah, Annisa Nurul, Andreas Diga Pratama Putera, and Alison Subiantoro. 2020. “Selection of Optimum Working Fluid and Cycle Configuration of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) as Bottoming Binary Cycle at Wayang Windu Geothermal Power Plant.” Stanford Geothermal Workshop. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/GeoConf/papers/SGW/2020/Hidayah.pdf.

3. Wiemer, Hans-Joachim, and Vincenz Benedikt Schneider. 2021. “Thermodynamical and Economical Valuation of Low-Temperature ORC with Alternative Working Fluids.” World Geothermal Congress. https://www.worldgeothermal.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2020/26010.pdf.

4. Haghighi, Arman, Mohammad Reza Pakatchian, Mamdouh El Haj Assad, Vinh Nguyen Duy, and Mohammad Alhuyi Nazari. 2020. “A Review on Geothermal Organic Rankine Cycles: Modeling and Optimization.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 144: 1799–1814. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-020-10357-y.

5. Yin, Hongmei, Chengjun Li, Yongzhen Wan, and Jun Zhao. 2020. “Review of Geothermal Power Generation: A Case Study of ORC Geothermal Power Generation.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 605 (1): 012009. https://scispace.com/papers/review-of-geothermal-power-generation-a-case-study-of-orc-3br32stayl.

6. Antanenkova, I. S., Yu. A. Geller, M. M. Vinogradov, E. A. Gorbunova, D. S. Pisarev, and V. I. Kuznetsov. 2024. “Design Solutions for the Main Heat Exchangers in the Organic Rankine Cycle Circuit.” Thermal Engineering 71: 631–648. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0040601524700162.

7. Lampe, Matthias, Carlo De Servi, Johannes Schilling, André Bardow, and Piero Colonna. 2019. “Toward the Integrated Design of Organic Rankine Cycle Power Plants: A Method for the Simultaneous Optimization of Working Fluid, Thermodynamic Cycle, and Turbine.” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 141 (11): 111009. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044380.

8. Lukawski, Maciej. 2009. Design and Optimization of Standardized Organic Rankine Cycle Power Plant for European Conditions. RES School for Renewable Energy Science. https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/7113/1/Maciej_Lukawski.pdf.

9. Colonna, Piero, Emiliano Casati, Carsten Trapp, Tiemo Mathijssen, Jaakko Larjola, Teemu Turunen-Saaresti, and Antti Uusitalo. 2015. “Organic Rankine Cycle Power Systems: From the Concept to Current Technology, Applications, and an Outlook to the Future.” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 137 (10): 100801. https://pure.tudelft.nl/ws/files/45279342/ORC_PowerSystems_past_and_future.pdf.

10. Bao, Jie, and Li Zhao. 2020. “A Review of Working Fluid and Expander Selections for Organic Rankine Cycle.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 24: 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.040.